A cable is two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted or braided together to form a single assembly. In mechanics cables, otherwise known as wire ropes, are used for lifting, hauling and towing or conveying force through tension. In electrical engineering cables are used to carry electric currents. An optical cable contains one or more optical fibers in a protective jacket that supports the fibers.

Electric cables discussed here are mainly meant for installation in buildings and industrial sites. For power transmission at distances greater than a few kilometres see high voltage cable, power cables and HVDC.

History

Ropes made of multiple strands of natural fibers such as hemp, sisal, manila, and cotton have been used for millennia for hoisting and hauling. By the 19th century, deepening of mines and construction of large ships increased demand for stronger cables. Invention of improved steelmaking techniques made high quality steel available at lower cost, and so wire ropes became common in mining and other industrial applications. By the middle of the 19th century, manufacture of large submarine telegraph cables was done using machines similar to those used for manufacture of mechanical cables.

In the 19th century and early 20th century, electrical cable was often insulated using cloth, rubber and paper. Plastic materials are generally used today, except for high reliability power cables.

Electrical cables

Electrical cables may be made more flexible by stranding the wires. In this process, smaller individual wires are twisted or braided together to produce larger wires that are more flexible than solid wires of similar size. Bunching small wires before concentric stranding adds the most flexibility. Copper wires in a cable may be bare, or they may be plated with a thin layer of another metal, most often tin but sometimes gold, silver or some other material. Tin, gold, and silver are much less prone to oxidation than copper, which may lengthen wire life, and makes soldering easier. Tinning is also used to provide lubrication between strands. Tinning was used to help removal of rubber insulation. Tight lays during stranding makes the cable extensible (CBA - as in telephone handset cords).

Cables can be securely fastened and organized, such as by using trunking, cable trays, cable ties or cable lacing. Continuous-flex or flexible cables used in moving applications within cable carriers can be secured using strain relief devices or cable ties.

At high frequencies, current tends to run along the surface of the conductor. This is known as the skin effect.

Cables and electromagnetic fields

Any current-carrying conductor, including a cable, radiates an electromagnetic field. Likewise, any conductor or cable will pick up energy from any existing electromagnetic field around it. These effects are often undesirable, in the first case amounting to unwanted transmission of energy which may adversely affect nearby equipment or other parts of the same piece of equipment; and in the second case, unwanted pickup of noise which may mask the desired signal being carried by the cable, or, if the cable is carrying power supply or control voltages, pollute them to such an extent as to cause equipment malfunction.

The first solution to these problems is to keep cable lengths in buildings short, since pick up and transmission are essentially proportional to the length of the cable. The second solution is to route cables away from trouble. Beyond this, there are particular cable designs that minimize electromagnetic pickup and transmission. Three of the principal design techniques are shielding, coaxial geometry, and twisted-pair geometry.

Shielding makes use of the electrical principle of the Faraday cage. The cable is encased for its entire length in foil or wire mesh. All wires running inside this shielding layer will be to a large extent decoupled from external electric fields, particularly if the shield is connected to a point of constant voltage, such as earth. Simple shielding of this type is not greatly effective against low-frequency magnetic fields, however - such as magnetic "hum" from a nearby power transformer. A grounded shield on cables operating at 2 kV or more gathers leakage current and capacitive current, protecting people from electric shock and equalizing stress on the cable insulation.

Coaxial design helps to further reduce low-frequency magnetic transmission and pickup. In this design the foil or mesh shield is perfectly tubular - i.e. with a circular cross section - and the inner conductor (there can only be one) is situated exactly at its center. This causes the voltages induced by a magnetic field between the shield and the core conductor to consist of two nearly equal magnitudes which cancel each other.

The twisted pair is a simple expedient where two wires of a cable, rather than running parallel to each other, are twisted around each other, forming a pair of intertwined helices. This can be achieved by putting one end of the pair in a hand drill and turning while maintaining moderate tension on the line. Field cancellation between successive twists of the pair considerably reduces electromagnetic pickup and transmission.

Power-supply cables feeding sensitive electronic devices are sometimes fitted with a series-wired inductor called a choke which blocks high frequencies that may have been picked up by the cable, preventing them from passing into the device.

Fire protection

In building construction, electrical cable jacket material is a potential source of fuel for fires. To limit the spread of fire along cable jacketing, one may use cable coating materials or one may use cables with jacketing that is inherently fire retardant. The plastic covering on some metal clad cables may be stripped off at installation to reduce the fuel source for accidental fires. In Europe in particular, it is often customary to place inorganic wraps and boxes around cables in order to safeguard the adjacent areas from the potential fire threat associated with unprotected cable jacketing. However, this fire protection also traps heat generated from conductor losses, so the protection must be thin.

There are two methods of providing fire protection to a cable:

#Insulation material is deliberately added up with fire retardant materials #The copper conductor itself is covered with mineral insulation (MICC cables)

Electrical cable types

Basic cable types are as follows:

;Shape

Ribbon cable

;Construction Based on construction and cable properties, they can be sorted into the following:

Coaxial cable

Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable

Twinax cable

Flexible cables

Non-metallic sheathed cable (or nonmetallic building wire, NM, NM-B) Metallic sheathed cable (or armored cable, AC, or BX)

Multicore cable (consist of more than one wire and is covered by cable jacket)

Shielded cable

Single cable (from time to time this name is used for wire)

Twisted pair

Twisting cable

;Special

Arresting cable

Bowden cable

Heliax cable

Direct-buried cable

Heavy-lift cable

Elevator cable

Application

Audiovisual cable

Bicycle cable

Communications cable

Computer cable

Mechanical cable

Sensing cable

Submersible cable

Wire rope (wire cable)

See also

For transmission see: Power cable, High voltage cable and HVDC

Cable dressing

Cable gland

Cable harness

Cable lacing

Cable length

Cable management

Cable modem

Cable reel

Cable television

Cable tray

Category 5 cable

Category 6 cable

Category 7 cable

Circuit integrity

Cross-linked polyethylene

DOCSIS

Electrical connector

Electrical wiring

Extension cable

International Cablemakers Federation

Over/under cable coiling

Polyvinyl chloride

Portable cord

Power cable

Profibus

Submarine communications cable

Submarine power cable

Steel Wire Armoured (SWA) Cable

SY control cable

Tensile structure

Transmission line

Wire

Wire rope

References

Further reading

R. M. Black, ''The History of Electric Wires and Cables'', Peter Pergrinus, London 1983 ISBN 0-86341-001-4

BICC Cables Ltd, "Electric Cables Handbook", WileyBlackwell; London 3rd Edition edition 1997, ISBN 0-63204-075-0

External links

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Name	Katy Hill
Birth date	April 15, 1971
Birth place	Poole, Dorset
Nationality	English
Known for	''Blue Peter''
Occupation	Television presenter
Spouse
Children	Kaya Skye Akira Seven
Relations	Simon (brother)Naomi (sister) }}

Katy Hill (born 15 April 1971) is an English television presenter, who worked on the BBC children's magazine programme ''Blue Peter'' for five years.

Biography

Born in Poole, Dorset, her father, Chris Hill, was the local vicar and he now takes biblical tours to Israel - and will complete his 81st tour in October 2011. Hill has two siblings, an elder brother Simon and a younger sister Naomi. She gained 9 'O' levels and 4 'A' Levels at St. Edwards Church of England School in Romford, Essex and before she started presenting she worked in a record shop. Katy worked for free in Local radio station BBC Essex, to gain the experience required to become a presenter.

Career

Hill began her media career with voluntary work in Essex at EastWard Hospital Television, and presented ''Katy's Capers'' on BBC Radio Essex, before transferring to ''Nickelodeon''. While working for BBC channel controllers and the Head of Children's Television, as a BBC secretary she bombarded the Editor of ''Blue Peter'' with ideas and showreels, which resulted in an audition.

On 23rd June 1995, Hill joined the CBBC TV programme ''Blue Peter'' and left on 19th June 2000. Her assignments included living in Mongolia with a family for a week, training with the England football squad for a World Cup special, joining the Cirque du Soleil and of course, making things from yoghurt pots and sticky back plastic. She won the 2000 Children's BAFTA Award for Best Presenter, for her time on ''Blue Peter.'' She returned to ''Blue Peter'' for one episode on 30th March 2010 for the final programme to feature the dog Mabel.

As a result of her work on ''Blue Peter'', Hill also presented ''Live & Kicking'', ''Top of the Pops'', ''Football Fever'' (she supports Newcastle United) and ''The Millennium Quiz Show'' with Michael Parkinson. She also presented the BBC's Holiday and went on to present the weekend breakfast show on 95.8 Capital FM. Katy has written for numerous magazines including a regular column for ''Cosmopolitan Hair & Beauty'', ''Hello!'' and ''Closer''. In both 2000 and 2001, she presented the final of ''Song for Europe,'' the competition to select the United Kingdom's entry for the annual Eurovision Song Contest.

In 2004, she appeared on the Channel 4 reality TV show, ''The Games'', in which she came overall second in the female contenders, winning 5 out of the 7 required disciplines. After Neil Fox quit as the long-running host of the networked ''Hit40UK'' (also in 2004), Katy - previously one of his stand-ins - was recruited, initially to co-host with Hirsty, each Sunday, from the studios of Capital Radio in London. Katy chose to leave after a year due to other commitments, and Hirsty eventually went on to host the programme alone. During her time presenting ''Hit40UK'', Katy had her ears pierced for the very first time, in order to sport large hoop earrings at the producers request for TV appearances. She co-presented the concert held in Trafalgar Square where the host of the 2012 Olympics was announced, for which London was a candidate. When London was announced as the victor, Hill was seen cheering and shouting with joy with Olympian Kelly Holmes. She is the face of Arm & Hammer and has already done three massively successful campaigns for the company. Arm & Hammer.

Katy currently resides in Oxfordshire, following a period of time in Los Angeles, USA.

In May 2010, Katy joined women's lifestyle website iVillage.co.uk as a weekly blogger. Her blog, ""Here Are Two We Made Earlier"", explores her day to day experiences of motherhood from a 'refreshingly honest' angle.

In late December 2010, Hill acted as relief co-presenter on ITV's breakfast channel ''Daybreak'', where she continues to work as a presenter.

Personal life

Hill married childhood sweetheart and record producer Andrew Frampton in 1999. The marriage lasted two years before they split. Hill then began dating fellow ''Live & Kicking'' TV presenter Trey Farley. Hill became engaged to Farley after he proposed to her whilst on holiday in Venice, and the couple married in Tuscany on 4th July 2004, with white highly in evidence. The couple lived in Los Angeles, USA, and have a daughter called Kaya Sky born on 17 July 2006 weighing 9 lb 6oz, at Kingston Hospital in Surrey. They also have a son, Akira Seven.

References

External links

Katy Hill web page

EastWard Hospital Television

Katy Hill's iVillage Blog

Category:Blue Peter presenters Category:English television presenters Category:People from Poole Category:1971 births Category:Living people

name	Christopher Caffery
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Christopher Caffery
born	September 09, 1967Suffern, NY
instrument	Guitar, vocals, bass, keyboards
genre	Heavy metal, progressive metal, power metal, thrash metal
occupation	musician, songwriter
associated acts	Savatage, Doctor Butcher, Trans-Siberian Orchestra, Jon Oliva's Pain, Metalium
website	www.chriscaffery.com
notable instruments	}}

Chris Caffery (born September 9, 1967 in Suffern, NY) is a heavy metal guitarist who is best known for his work as a member of Savatage and the Trans-Siberian Orchestra. Recently, Chris has been pursuing a solo career, releasing three albums since 2004.

Biography

Raised in Mahwah, New Jersey, Chris began playing guitar at the age of 11, but some of his earliest memories include performing The Beatles song ''Help!'' for a show and tell in kindergarten. Chris' favourite bands growing up included The Beatles, KISS, Black Sabbath, Judas Priest and Rush among others. He has cited guitarists such as Ted Nugent, Rik Emmett, Ace Frehley, Randy Rhoads, Michael Schenker as influences throughout the years as well.

After only 13 months, Chris grew bored with guitar lessons and decided to teach himself. He was part of a band called ''"Blitzkrieg"'' in middle school and played a few shows, the first of which was at a bar in Ridgewood, New Jersey when Chris was only 13. At the age of 14, Chris and his brother formed a band called ''"Anti"''. Chris dropped out of High School at the age of 16 to become a professional musician, teaching students during the day and playing shows in the night.

Chris recorded his first demo tape at age 14 and his second at 17, which got him his first national gig. Chris was in New York City one night, hanging around in a club in the middle of Times Square, when he met the lead singer of a band called ''Heaven'' named Allan Fryar. They were looking for a guitarist and Chris asked if he could give Allan a tape. A week later and Fryar called, and it turned out that the band also needed a drummer, so Chris's brother Phil joined. The band was managed by David Krebs and a certain Paul O'Neill, who Chris would maintain close ties for most of his career.

Paul O'Neill was later introduced to the Oliva brothers, Jon and Criss of Savatage by an Atlantic Records rep and O'Neill left Heaven to work with Savatage. Eventually, Paul invited Chris to New York, where they recorded the CD and introduced Chris to the band. But, Chris soon learned that a second guitarist may be needed in Savatage, so he learned all of the Savatage songs he could in time for Savatage's 1987-1988 tour with Dio and Megadeth. Savatage hired someone else, which left Chris very upset and he flew himself down to the audition. Chris was given the opportunity to perform, played 2 songs before the band stopped and hired him on the spot. The band went on tour, but Chris was kept on the side of the stage, hidden from the audience. Chris was only 20 years old and playing arenas and was happy, but miserable. He left Savatage after the arena tour.

Chris bounced between bands for a couple of years until he came into contact with the Oliva brothers once more. They asked Chris to join them just as the ''Gutter Ballet'' album was finished. He gladly accepted, but the road took its toll on the 'Tage. Under pressure from his brother to find a singer for their band, Chris quit Savatage at the end of the tour and formed Witchdoctor, with his brother Phil on drums, Hal Patino of King Diamond on bass, and future TSO West member Doug Kistner on keyboards. The band played all over Europe, but the brothers were not clicking musically and the band disbanded. Chris was contacted to perform on Savatage's ''Streets'' tour, but issues meant this did not happen. Chris soon learned that Jon Oliva had left Savatage. Chris called Jon, who invited him to Florida, and over ''"10 bottles of Jack Daniels"'', their project Doctor Butcher was born.

Zachary Stevens replaced Jon in Savatage, but Jon continued to work with his brother Criss on the record. Chris was again asked to re-join the band, but, he stayed loyal to Jon and Butcher. Some initial demos were recorded with Hal Patino and Gene Barnett for Butcher, but bad press over Jon's health lead Atlantic Records to make a decision - Doctor Butcher or Savatage? Atlantic chose Savatage. Chris was left disheartened. Caffery went to work with friend Ray Gillen of Badlands fame, but Gillen died shortly after the project began. Around this time, Criss Oliva was killed in a car accident by a drunk driver on October 17, 1993. Chris was asked for the fourth time to join Savatage, but Atlantic Records suggested Alex Skolnick join the band instead. Chris would later work with Alex on the TSO East touring company. Butcher was signed in Europe and their debut was recorded in 1994. Jon Oliva left to do the ''Handful of Rain'' tour with Savatage so Butcher never toured. Chris, this time, enquired about joining Savatage on a more permanent basis with Jon Oliva, as a close friend and student of Criss Oliva he felt he could pay respect to Criss "spiritually" on stage. Jon agreed, and Chris was joined by Al Pitrelli, a good friend of his from New York. The two formed a steady partnership for almost 6 years, recording both 1995's ''Dead Winter Dead'' and 1998's ''The Wake of Magellan'' together.

During this time, Chris recorded with Joe Lynn Turner, TM Stevens, as well as produced and recorded for Metalium. Chris was featured on Tribute CDs for Guns N' Roses, Accept and Iron Maiden. The Maiden tribute was recorded with Savatage drummer Jeff Plate and his "long time and newly re-acquainted best friend", TSO member, John West. Savatage was stalled a bit in the recording of a follow up to ''The Wake of Magellan'', due to the tremendous success of the then "side project", Trans Siberian Orchestra. Caffery considers himself the "ring leader" of TSO East when they tour, and he enjoys performing live with the ensemble. In 1999, Caffery also was a member of the German band Metalium. He is featured on their album ''Millennium Metal: Chapter One'', but left after the album and the following tours.

Al Pitrelli left Savatage in 2000 when he accepted an invitation to replace Marty Friedman in Megadeth. Zak Stevens left shortly after, citing family reasons. Chris was left as the only guitarist in Savatage and Jon Oliva took up lead vocal duties for the first time in ten years. Chris played the lead parts with Jack Frost (ironically, who replaced him in Metalium) playing the rhythm parts on a short tour with Fates Warning and Judas Priest in support of 2001's ''Poets and Madmen''. After Megadeth "disbanded" (it later reformed in 2004) in 2002, Al Pitrelli was invited to re-join the band since "he never left the family anyway".

Since the release of Savatage's most recent CD, Chris has appeared on records of Savatage alumni, including Zak Stevens's Circle II Circle and on Jon Oliva's Pain records. Chris himself released solo EPs and albums in 2004 and 2005, with a follow-up full-length album, ''Pins and Needles'' released in 2007. Chris is also worked on TSO's new album ''Night Castle'', released on October 27, 2009.

Solo band members

Current

Chris Caffery - Vocals, Guitar, Bass Guitar, Keyboard, Saxophone (Savatage, Metalium, Trans-Siberian Orchestra, John West, Doctor Butcher)

Nick Douglas - Bass Guitar (Doro, Blaze)

Paul LaPlaca - Keyboards/Guitar (ZO2, October Thorns, Zandelle)

John Macaluso - Drums (Starbreaker, Mullmuzzler, MCM, Riot, Holy Mother, TNT, Masterlast, Powermad, Ark, Yngwie J. Malmsteen, John Macaluso & Union Radio)

Former

Dave Z - Bass (Trans-Siberian Orchestra, Doctor Butcher, ZO2)

Steve Unger - Bass (Metal Church)

Jeff Plate - Drums (Savatage, Wicked Witch, Trans-Siberian Orchestra, Metal Church)

Ira Black - Guitar (Doom Society, Heathen, Lizzy Borden, Vicious Rumors, Pornucopia)

Paul Morris - Keyboards (Rainbow, Doro, Doctor Butcher)

Discography

With Savatage

1987 - ''Hall of the Mountain King'' (Touring Member)

1989 - ''Gutter Ballet''

1995 - ''Dead Winter Dead''

1998 - ''The Wake of Magellan''

2001 - ''Poets and Madmen''

With Doctor Butcher

1994 - ''Doctor Butcher''

2005 - ''Doctor Butcher (remastered)''

With Trans-Siberian Orchestra

1996 - ''Christmas Eve and Other Stories''

1998 - ''The Christmas Attic''

2000 - ''Beethoven's Last Night''

2004 - ''The Lost Christmas Eve''

2009 - ''Night Castle''

With Metalium

1999 - ''Millennium Metal – Chapter One''

Solo Artist

2004 - ''The Mold EP''

2004 - ''Music Man EP''

January 2005 - ''Faces''

June 2005 - ''W.A.R.P.E.D.''

2007 - ''Pins and Needles''

2009 - ''House of Insanity''

Guest appearances

2002 - Doro's ''Fight'' (featured on the tracks ''"Salvaje"'' and ''"Descent"'')

2003 - Circle II Circle's ''Watching in Silence'' (featured on the tracks ''"Out of Reach"'', ''"Sea of White"'' and ''"Face to Face,"'')

2004 - Doro' ''Classic Diamonds - The DVD''

2006 - Eidolon's ''The Parallel Otherworld'' (featured guitar solo on track ''"The Eternal Call"'')

2008 - KISS MY ANKH: A Tribute To Vinnie Vincent (guitar solo on track ''"Ted Poley," parody of Kiss song "Unholy, performed by C.C. Banana"'')

2009 - Tim "Ripper" Owens' ''Play My Game''

References

Related links

Chris Caffery's official website

Chris Caffery on MySpace

Savatage's official website

Interview with Chris Caffery

Category:1967 births Category:People from Rockland County, New York Category:American heavy metal guitarists Category:Trans-Siberian Orchestra members Category:American male singers Category:American heavy metal singers Category:Living people Category:Savatage members

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